The structure of the limes consisted of a complex system of towers, earthworks, walls, small fortifications, the forts behind the limes being usually placed at a distance of ca. 5 km from it, the related civil settlements and non-Roman structures. In front the earthen ramparts it was not identified insofar a ditch. Forts are similar, garrisons to mixed infantry and cavalry troops, most likely built by them. Here and there the earthen ramparts are clearly visible, almost on the original height, the limes specificities being best preserved in the Moigrad area (Porolissum).
All over Romania, circa 100 forts, 50 small fortifications and more than 150 towers are known, although their number must have been much larger. Furthermore, there are also other structures part of the border system, of the most important counting the man-made barriers, generally composed of earthen ramparts, but also of stone walls. Of the forts, only four-five may be visited and are accessible to the public, however not the same applies to any rampart part, wall or tower. In most places, the limes is no longer visible, hence it is difficult to identify. Topographically, the limes is partially protected, none of its elements being found in urban areas.
Showing posts with label Romania missing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Romania missing. Show all posts
Romania - The old villages of Hollókő and Rimetea and their surroundings
The serial phase transboundary nomination contains two sites the Old Village and its surroundings in Hollókő, already part of the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987, and the village Rimetea. Both Hollókő and Rimetea are an exceptional example of a deliberately preserved traditional human settlement representative of a culture that has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change. These villages, which developed mainly during the 17th and 18th centuries, are a living example of rural life before the agricultural revolution of the 20th century.
The white buildings, the well-ordered streets, the layout of the plots, the quite similar barns and other smaller buildings, the presence of a medieval castle ruins, and many aspects of the history of the two settlements connect them with invisible bounds. However, beyond the many similar characteristics one can observe a series of variations of certain aspects that highlight the great aptitude of vernacular architecture to adapt to circumstances and local needs.
The conversion of the site to a transnational serial phase nomination would underline the general value of the site by adding a second village in a neighboring country - Rimetea - that is described below. It is worth to mention that next to the similarities there are a series of characteristics that in Rimetea are complementary to the ones in Hollokő. Having the two villages under the same nomination will give a chance to demonstrate the complexity of the development village communities in Easter Europe, giving examples of different solutions in slightly different circumstances.Description of Hollókő
Romania - The "coules" of Petite Valachie
The Romanian name "coules" borrows from Turkish tKula means tower, designates a tower-dwelling with three or even four levels, used by the big or the little nobility of the country. Usually the coulas are located in the dominant points to monitor the passages. On square planes, with interiour staircase, murderers, the last floor being planned of a "storm", open space on two or three sides, with arches supported by columns.
Romania - The historic core of the city of Alba Julia
Set of representative monuments for different artistic periods, built inside the perimeter of the old Roman fortified camp of Apulum (beginning of the 2nd century), on the site of which was raised the medieval city surrounded in 1714-1735 by a bastion fortification with seven bastions and doors decorated with sculptures and reliefs. Also includes the cathedral Cathedral Saint-Michel (thirteenth century with later additions), the Prince's Palace which represents the transformation of the sixteenth century of the former Palace of the eveche, different buildings of the seventeenth-nineteenth century (the Apor Palace, the Bathyaneum Library etc.) and the Orthodox Cathedral of the Unification (1922).
Romania - The rock ensemble of Basarabi
Set of rock monuments located an old quarry of "chalk from the 9th-10th century, built as a monastic settlement (10th-12th century) .A main church with 3 naves supported by columns, another church with the specific ritual division orthodox, covered a semi-circular cupola with a semicircular apse covered with a semicircle, two paraklession, various adjoining chambers, galleries and funerary chambers make up the ensemble, Christian figurative representations and other stylized symbolic motifs, incises: twist, the labyrinth, the tree of life, the pigeon, the knight, as well as various animals and ships Inscriptions in several languages and Greek scripts, runic, glagolithic, Cyrillic - including a Romanian skull of the 10th century.
Romania - The Church of the Three Hierarchs of Iasi
The Church of the Three Hierarchs of Iasi (1639) is a unique monument in Romanian architecture and in general in the post-Byzantine architecture, combining the Byzantine tradition with the characteristic elements of the art of Moldavia and Wallachia.
It is distinguished by the rich carved stone decor that covers the entire facades
Bulgaria - Croatia - Romania - Serbia - Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Croatia)
In Roman times, the Danube acted as the border (limes) between the Roman Empire and barbaric lands almost in its full length. The Croatian part of the Danubian limes stretches from Batina Skela to Ilok and is 188 km long. This section of border was secured by forts and watchtowers. These were connected by military roads and Danube itself forms the border marking. It goes through two areas that do not have just different names (Baranja and Slavonija) but also different geomorphologic structure. The north-western Baranja is a flat area dominated by the Baranja Hill (243 m), while the area between the rivers Danube and Drava is covered by marshland of Kopacki Rit. In Slavonian region the limes is marked by steep and high banks of the Danube. The Croatian part of the Danubian limes can be separated in two areas: the "belt" immediately by the river (one has to bear in mind that the Danube has changed its flow in this area to some extent) and the hinterland. In the hinterland of this part of limes there was a number of local roads, but also three very important land corridors that went along important rivers such as the river Sava (Emona – Siscia – Sirmium) and Drava (Poetovia – Mursa - Cibale – Sirmium), as well as the road that linked Klosterneuburg/Cannabiaca and Zemun/Taurunum, constructed by Romans to increase the flow of army and goods. That road went along the right bank of the Danube.
CROATIA Components:
1 Batina-Gradac, (Ad Militare II), Fort
2 Batina-Sredno, (Ad Militare I) Fort, Cemetery
3 Popovac (Antianae?) Fortification
4 Zmajevac-Gradac/ Várhegy, (Ad Novas), Fortification
5 Zmajevac-Gradac/ Mocsolás, (Ad Novas?), Cemetery
6 Kneževi Vinogradi-Crvena ćuprija, Military installation
7 Kneževi Vinogradi-Dragojlov brijeg, (Donatianae?), Fort, Cemetery
8 Lug-Gradina, (Albanum), Fortification, Cemetery
9 Kopačevo-Mali Sakadaš, (Báksad), (Ad labores?), Fortification
10 Bilje-Biljska cesta, Road
11 Osijek-Roman bridge, Bridge over the Drava river, (vis-à-vis Roman Mursa)
12 Osijek-Donji grad, (Mursa), Military installation, Civil settlement, Road
13 Dalj-Banjkas, Fort
14 Dalj-Šljivici, Military installation
15 Dalj-Beglučarica, Military installation
16 Borovo-Gradac, Military installation
17 Borovo-Šanac, Military installation
18 Sotin-Popovo brdo, (Cornacum), Fort
19 Sotin-Jaroši, Fort
20 Šarengrad-Gradac, Watchtower
21 Ilok-Bišket, Watchtower
22 Ilok-Česta, Military installation
23 Ilok-Gornji grad, (Cuccium), Fort, cemeteries
ROMANIA Components:
1
Pojejena
Pojejena, Caraș Severin couty
1
Șitamiţa
auxiliary fort
228700.152
369602.083
2
Grojdibodu
Grojdibodu, OLT county
1
auxiliary fort
439925.882
245071.691
3
Corabia
Celei, OLT county
1
auxiliary fort
456596.145
251758.443
4
Corabia
Celei, OLT county
2
bridgehead
456386.742
251655.450
5
Traian
Traian, Teleorman county
1
Flămânda
fort
498775.294
248298.281
6
Islaz
Islaz, Teleorman county
1
Racoviţa
fort
480575.693
248194.860
7
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Insula Banului, Mehedinți county
1
Insula Banului
auxiliary fort
305634.970
354190.755
8
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Drobeta-Turnu, Severin, Mehedinți county
2
auxiliary fort, legionary fortlet
315095.375
349922.248
9
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Drobeta-Turnu, Severin, Mehedinți county
3
brigehead
315008.351
349797.060
10
Hinova
Hinova, Mehedinți county
1
Tarină
auxiliary fort
323013.272
340915.200
11
Desa
Desa, Dolj county
1
auxiliary fort
336298.125
259972.637
12
Bistreţ
Bistreţ, Dolj county
1
Grindu Cetate
auxiliary fort
383301.669
258730.749
13
Ostrov
Ostrov, Constanța county
1
Durostorum
auxiliary fort
684700.645
292791.731
14
Lipniţa
Canli, Constanța county
1
Dervent
auxiliary fort
698709.577
295612.216
15
Lipniţa
Canli, Constanța county
2
auxiliary fort
700656.131
297334.052
16
Oltina
Satu Nou, Constanța county
1
Pârjoaia
auxiliary fort
705473.317
301262.774
17
Oltina
Satu Nou, Constanța county
2
Capu Dealului
auxiliary fort
710488.941
302536.075
18
Oltina
Oltina, Constanța county
3
Măciuca
auxiliary fort
715045.809
302117.604
19
Ion Corvin
Viile, Constanța county
1
Beilic
auxiliary fort
721273.276
300718.161
20
Aliman
Dunăreni, Constanța county
1
Dunăreni
auxiliary fort
727667.891
308487.516
21
Rasova
Rasova, Constanța county
1
auxiliary fort
731820.338
307647.418
22
Cernavodă
Cernavodă, Constanța county
1
Hinog
auxiliary fort
740912.003
317069.291
23
Seimeni
Seimeni Mari, Constanța county
1
auxiliary fort
744138.687
325696.996
24
Topalu
Capidava, Constanța county
1
Capidava
auxiliary fort
745873.562
337377.878
25
Topalu
Topalu, Constanța county
2
auxiliary fort
741462.601
347434.266
26
Hârșova
Hârșova, Constanța county
1
auxiliary fort
734143.590
357845.971
27
Gârliciu
Gârliciu, Constanța county
1
auxiliary fort
742615.299
362762.975
28
Ostrov
Piatra, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
748095.887
382230.354
29
Peceneaga
Peceneaga, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
748242.865
391428.768
30
Cerna
Traian, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
755169.175
397572.215
31
Turcoaia
Turcoaia, Tulcea county
1
La Cetate
auxiliary fort
751330.344
409837.570
32
Măcin
Măcin, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
745649.497
420305.004
33
Jijila
Jijila, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
746824.947
428891.833
34
Jijila
Garvăn, Tulcea county
2
Cetatea Dinogeţia
auxiliary fort
745883.240
435838.294
35
Lucaviţa
Lucaviţa, Tulcea county
1
Dealul Milan
auxiliary fort
756637.410
428917.465
36
Lucaviţa
Rachelu, Tulcea county
2
auxiliary fort
761867.847
425690.658
37
Isaccea
Isaccea, Tulcea county
1
Noviodunum
auxiliary fort
774136.028
424915.777
38
Tulcea
Tulcea, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
799873.725
416701.805
39
Mahmudia
Mahmudia, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
820150.143
408194.135
40
Murighiol
Murighiol, Tulcea county
1
auxiliary fort
830843.950
400274.756
41
Murighiol
Dunavăţu de Sus, Tulcea county
2
Dunavăţu de Sus
auxiliary fort
833053.209
399889.720
42
Murighiol
Dunavăţu de Jos, Tulcea county
3
Cetatea, Zaporojenilor
auxiliary fort
827662.344
395176.391
43
Galaţi
Galaţi, Galați county
1
auxiliary fort
734098.624
438285.275
44
Galaţi
Galaţi, Galați county
2
fort
735151.743
438725.033
45
Braniște / Șendreni
Traian, Șerbeștii Vechi, Galați county
1
Valul lui Traian 4
earthen rampart
724437.746
438445.462
46
Braniște / Șendreni
Traian / Șerbeștii Vech, Galați county i
2
Valul lui Traian 3
earthen rampart
724530.374
439919.248
47
Smârdan / Vânători
Mihail Kogălniceanu / Odaia Manolache, Galați county
1
Valul lui Traian 2
earthen rampart
727937.444
450643.343
48
Smârdan
Mihail Kogălniceanu / Cișmele, Galați county
2
Valul lui Traian 2a
earthen rampart
726520.944
447950.240
49
Vânători / Tulucești
Odaia Manolache, Tulucești, Galați county
1 / 2
Valul lui Traian 1
earthen rampart
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