Egypt - Two citadels in Sinai from the Saladin period (Al-Gundi and Phataoh's island)

Historical framework: Saladin (Salah ad-din al Ayyubi) the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1174-1260) is one of the greatest sovereigns in the history of Islam. In 1171, he managed to put an end to the Shiite Fatimid caliphate in Cairo (979-1171), to re-establish Sunnism in Egypt and obtained the investiture from the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. On 5th July 1187, after the famous battle of Hattin which took place to the west of Lake Tiberias, he regained the city of Jerusalem from the Crusaders. The Ayyubids reigned in Egypt, Syria and Upper Mesopotamia (1174 to 1260) and extended their power as far as Yemen. The Crusaders occupied Syria and Palestine from 1098 to 1291 and founded a Kingdom in Jerusalem in 1099.